Exam #2 – Ch. 5-9
1) Polygyny is least likely in societies
A) with more women than men.
B) with a long post-partum sex taboo.
C) suffering from a high male mortality rate in warfare.
D) with balanced sex ratios.
2) Anthropologists are reasonably certain that social stratification
A) emerged relatively recently in human history.
B) is as old as Homo sapiens.
C) does not exist in the United States.
D) has occurred only in industrial societies.
3) Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in
A) animals.
B) the amount of land people own.c the number of children people have.
C) the number of wives a man has.
4) The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history was
A) horticulture. B) irrigation agriculture.
C) food collection. D) pastoralism.
5) A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?
A) egalitarian B) caste C) class D) rank
6) Marriage is considered a ________ trait by anthropologists because it is practiced by all societies.
A) dominant B) prescriptive C) sensible D) universal
7) The giving of gifts without any immediate return or conscious thought of return is most common in
A) wealthier societies.
B) industrialized societies.
C) societies with intensive agriculture.
D) societies of food collectors and horticulturalists.
8) In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?
A) poor urban African Americans B) the Nuer of East Africa
C) the Manbikwara Indians of Brazil D) royal Egyptian families
9) Premarital sex is
A) considered good for boys in some societies but is apparently universally discouraged for girls.
B) frowned upon by almost all of the world's societies.
C) actively encouraged in some societies.
D) accepted in some societies but apparently never actively encouraged.
10) Which of the following types of food-getting normally requires the most work?
A) tree-top agriculture B) food-collection
C) intensive agriculture D) shifting cultivation
11) A(n) ________ is a custom whereby a man is obliged to marry his brother's widow.
A) sororate B) exogamy C) endogamy D) levirate
12) The Basseri pastoralists of Iran are characterized by all of the following except
A) tents made of goat's hair.
B) annual migrations.
C) individual ownership of land.
D) sales of wood, hides, butter, and livestock.
13) The Samoans do all of the following except
A) plant banana trees. B) plant breadfruit trees.
C) fish in the open sea. D) plow the land.
14) Before 1950s the Yanomamo did not have steel axes or machetes. Where did they get these tools?
A) The government supplied them.
B) The Yanomamo discovered metal working around the 1950s.
C) Missionaries gave them the steel axes and machetes.
D) Trade with neighboring communities.
15) Of the following, which is not a consequence of intense agriculture?
A) denser populations B) more sedentary way of life
C) advanced social stratification D) smaller population groups
16) In which type of society are women most likely to contribute more than men to primary subsistence?
A) pastoral B) hunter-gatherer
C) horticultural D) intensive agriculture
17) What do archaeologists suggest may have contributed to the decline of the earliest city-states in Mesopotamia, present-day southern Iraq and southwestern Iran?
A) overpopulation B) drought
C) salinization D) flooding
18) Egalitarian societies are least likely to be found among
A) pastoralists. B) food collectors.
C) societies with tree agriculture. D) societies with intensive agriculture.
19) ________ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution.
A) Reciprocity B) Redistribution
C) Commercial exchange D) Balanced reciprocity
20) When goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a returned gift, we call it
A) negative reciprocity. B) redistribution.
C) generalized reciprocity. D) balanced reciprocity.
21) Of the following economic activities, which has the need for the higher level of technology?
A) food-collecting B) horticulture
C) pastoralism D) intensive agriculture
22) In general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time?
A) food-collecting B) pastoralism
C) intensive agriculture D) industrial agriculture
23) As understood by anthropologists, horticulture includes all of the following except
A) shifting cultivation.
B) planted tree crops.
C) dependence on hunting or fishing for part of the food supply.
D) greenhouses for growing plants.
24) The theory that inbreeding can be genetically harmful to animals that produce few offspring
A) was first proposed by Edward Tylor.
B) is unsupported by data from animal studies.
C) is probably true.
D) has no bearing on the universal presence of the incest taboo.
25) Which of the following statements best describes the land ownership situation among the Hadza of Tanzania?
A) Individuals may only use the land that they have purchased.
B) The political leaders decide who owns specific parcels of land.
C) The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use.
D) The government owns all the land, and hunting time on it is "rented" by the individual.
26) Modern industrial societies are noted for having disparate access to economic resources and prestige. What type of stratification exists in these societies?
A) egalitarian B) caste C) class D) rank
27) The Inuit subsist mostly on ________ because ________ do not exist in large numbers at their northerly latitude.
A) meat/plants B) animals/roots
C) plants/ and animals D) plants/caribou
28) The most common form of family in the societies studied by anthropologists is
A) the extended family. B) the nuclear family.
C) the matrifocal family. D) the polygynous family.
29) What percentage of societies do not allow women to participate in warfare?
A) 87 B) 75 C) 67 D) 92
30) Colonial influence in various parts of the world seems to have
A) only slightly affected the status of women.
B) lowered the status of women.
C) generally resulted in greater sexual antagonism between men and women.
D) raised the status of women.
31) All societies divide labor by ________ and ________.
A) value/service B) service/custom
C) value/productivity D) gender/age
32) A ________ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige.
A) social group B) class C) open class D) caste
33) ________ occurs when prices are subject to supply and demand and do not necessarily involve money.
A) Redistribution B) Reciprocity
C) Commercial exchange D) Balanced reciprocity
34) Of the following economic activities, which finds the individual ownership of land most important?
A) food-collecting B) horticulture
C) pastoralism D) intensive agricultural
35) Which of the following is not a type of forced labor?
A) the corvee B) tenant farming
C) taxation D) slavery
36) The Yanamamo do all of the following except
A) plant manioc.
B) shrink the head of their enemies killed in battle.
C) fight off intruders to their territory.
D) hunt monkeys with bow and arrow.
37) The kula ring is an example of
A) redistribution.
B) a prized jewel valued for its magical properties.
C) balanced reciprocity.
D) a dance step used during ceremonial exchanges.
38) A ________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.
A) class B) caste C) social group D) open class
39) Humans display ________. That is, the females and males of the species exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance.
A) physiological differences B) chromosomal differences
C) genotypic differences D) sexual dimorphism
40) Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a ________, rather than a ________, effect on the major types of subsistence.
A) restraining/determining B) definitive/determining
C) definitive/restraining D) positive/negative
41) When a people grow foods using simple tools in the absence of permanently cultivated fields we call this ________.
A) agriculture B) horticulture
C) slash and burn agriculture D) xeroculture
42) In which region are hunter-gatherers least likely to be found today?
A) deserts B) dense tropical forests
C) temperate climates D) the Arctic
43) Generalized reciprocity is most likely between
A) friendly neighboring groups. B) close kin.
C) strangers and enemies. D) friends in modern societies.
44) The Mbuti pygmy of Zaire practices which form of social stratification?
A) egalitarian B) caste C) class D) rank
45) When anthropologists say that marriage is found in all human societies they mean that
A) men and women everywhere go through a public ceremony in which they are wedded.
B) men and women everywhere set up their own independent homes, away from their parents, where they raise children.
C) there are socially approved sexual and economic unions between men and women in all societies.
D) all societies expect one man will join with one woman to form a family
46) Which of the following characterizes horticulture?
A) long fallow periods B) permanently cultivated fields
C) the plow D) irrigation
47) By "food collection" anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from
A) wild plants and animals. B) wild plants.
C) domesticated plants and animals. D) plants, wild and domesticated.
48) Marriage includes two major factors. These are
A) economic and kinship considerations.
B) economic and land-ownership considerations.
C) sexual and economic considerations.
D) sexual and kinship considerations.
49) Which of the following is not characteristic of food-collecting societies?
A) absence of specialized full-time political offices
B) a nomadic lifestyle
C) recognition of individual rights to land
D) sparsely populated territories
50) Which of the following theories explains the differences between male and female roles based on the greater aerobic capacity of males?
A) compatibility with child care theory B) economy of effort theory
C) expendability theory D) strength theory
51) A nuclear family might include all of the following except
A) a father. B) a mother.
C) a married uncle. D) an unmarried sister
52) The major source of meat for Samoans is
A) fish. B) chicken. C) pork. D) beef.
53) According to the ________ theory, men may produce musical instruments from wood because men are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better.
A) compatibility with child care B) economy of effort
C) expendability D) strength
54) By "market exchange," anthropologists mean that
A) money has been set aside for "a rainy day."
B) public market places are usually used in the exchange of goods.
C) money is always used in economic transactions.
D) food items are being exchanged.
55) Most pastoralists get their animal protein
A) from the meat of the animals they raise.
B) from trading for the produce of farmers.
C) from the milk and blood of the animals they raise.
D) by trading woolen products with others.
56) Bride ________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.
A) price B) service C) exchange D) treasure
57) In simpler societies, balanced reciprocity is most common
A) among kinsmen.
B) among household members.
C) in periods of temporary food scarcity.
D) between groups of unrelated individuals.
58) Before Europeans came to Australia, all the aboriginal people there depended on ________.
A) horticulture B) food collection
C) intensive agriculture D) pastoralism
59) Most societies
A) encourage marriages between parallel cousins.
B) disapprove of marriages between first cousins.
C) encourage marriages between first cousins.
D) encourage marriages between cross cousins.
60) In all human societies yet examined, males generally have
A) greater grip strength than females.
B) lower aerobic work capacity than females.
C) proportionately smaller lungs than females.
D) proportionately smaller hearts than females.
Answers:
1) D
2) A
3) A
4) C
5) D
6) D
7) D
8) D
9) C
10) C
11) D
12) C
13) D
14) C
15) D
16) C
17) C
18) D
19) B
20) C
21) D
22) A
23) D
24) C
25) C
26) C
27) A
28) A
29) A
30) B
31) D
32) B
33) C
34) D
35) B
36) B
37) C
38) B
39) D
40) A
41) B
42) C
43) B
44) A
45) C
46) A
47) A
48) C
49) C
50) D
51) C
52) A
53) B
54) B
55) C
56) A
57) D
58) B
59) B
60) A