1	Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes David Oliver
2	After this chapter you should be able to: Name all functional groups Name alkanes and cycloalkanes Discuss properties of alkanes Give shapes of alkanes Use cis- and trans- appropriately Distinguish between isomers Constitutional Cis-trans Stereoisomers
3	Functional Groups Alkanes C-C single bonds sp³ Hybridized Name ends in -ane
4	Functional Groups Alkenes C=C single bonds sp² Hybridized Name ends in -ene
5	Functional Groups Alkynes C=C triple bonds sp Hybridized Name ends in -yne
6	Functional Groups Arenes Benzene type structures sp² Hybridized
7	Functional Groups Halide F, Cl, Br, I attached to an organic
8	Functional Groups Alcohol -OH group attached to an organic May be primary, secondary, or tertiary Name ends in -ol
9	Functional Groups Ether Water-like structure Unreactive Slightly polar Name ends in ether
10	Functional Groups Amine Lewis Base May be primary, secondary, or tertiary Name ends in -amine
11	Functional Groups Nitrile Cyanide group Name ends in -nitrile
12	Functional Groups Nitro Resonance stabilized Auto-oxidizer
13	Functional Groups Sulfide Same structure as water Double bonding is weak Name ends in sulfide
14	Functional Groups Sulfoxide Polar Name ends in sulfoxide
15	Functional Groups Sulfone Reactive Large formal charge on sulfur Name ends in sulfone
16	Functional Groups Thiol Thio indicates sulfur -ol indicates alcohol Name ends in -thiol
17	Functional Groups Aldehyde Carbonyl on the terminal hydrogen Lewis acid at carbonyl carbon Name ends in -al
18	Functional Groups Ketone Carbonyl between carbons Lewis acid at carbonyl carbon Name ends in -one
19	Functional Groups Carboxylic Acid Resonance stabilizes anion Readily loses hydrogen Name ends in –oic acid
20	Functional Groups Ester Formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol Water is eliminated in reaction Name ends in -oate
21	Functional Groups Amide A carbonyl amine May be a primary, secondary or tertiary Name ends in -amide
22	Functional Groups Acid Chloride Very reactive -oyl chloride Name ends in –oyl chloride
23	Functional Groups Acid Anhydride Dehydration of carboxylic acid -oic anhydride Name ends in –oic anhydride
24	Alkanes Methane CH₄ Ethane CH₃CH₃ Propane CH₃CH₂CH₃ Butane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ Pentane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ Hexane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ Heptane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ Octane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ Nonane CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ Decane CH₃(CH₂)₈CH₃
25	Alkane Isomers Alkanes are not always straight chain! Consider the C₄H₁₀
26	Extra credit Give structure for all isomers of C₇H₁₆ and name each.
27	Alkyl Groups Methyl CH₃- Ethyl CH₃CH₂- Propyl CH₃CH₂CH₂- Butyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂- Pentyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- Hexyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- Heptyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- Octyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- Nonyl CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- Decyl CH₃(CH₂)₈CH₂-
28	Degree of Alkyl Substitution Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
29	Nomenclature Find longest continuous carbon chain with greatest number of branch points Number carbons in chain giving lowest number to branch points Identify and number each substituent Write name as single word Name complex substituents as if they were a compound with –yl ending
30	Name the following
31
32	Name the following
33
34	Name the following
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36	Properties of alkanes Intermolecular bonding is via London Dispersion forces Melting point and boiling point are directly related to molecular weight and ability to pack molecules closely in efficient crystals.
37	Contact Efficiency
38	Cycloalkanes
39	Cycloalkanes
40	Cycloalkane Nomenclature Parent is the cyclic structure Number carbons in cyclic structure giving lowest number to substituents Identify and number each substituent Write name as single word Name complex substituents as it they were a compound with –yl ending
41	Name the following
42	Name
43	Name the following
44	Name
45	Cis-Trans Isomerism